Food Security In India
1) Concept of Food Security
World Development Report (1986) define food security as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active healthy life.”
However Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1983 defined food security as “ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food they need.”
From this definition the following points emerge:
1) Food security involves physical availability of food to the entire population in a country.
2) However to make the people adequate food available to all, it is necessary that the people have enough purchasing power so that they can acquire the food they need.
3) For healthy life, the food available should be adequate in quality as well as quantity to meet nutritional requirements.
4) A national may acquire self-sufficiency in food at the point of time, but the concept of food security necessities that, timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food should be available on a long term basis. This implies that a nation has to ensure that growth rate in food supply so that it takes care of the in crease in population as also the increase in the income of the people.
From this point of view, the following stages of food security may be visualized.
Stage 1: The most basic need from the point of view of human survival is to make an adequate quality of cereals available to all.
Stage 2: In the second stage, we may think of food security as the adequate availability of cereals, pulses, milk and milk production.
Stage 3: In the third stage, food security should include cereals, pulses, milk and milk products vegetables and fruits, fish egg and meat.
2) FOOD SELF –SUFFICIENCY AND FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
In Indian planners, attain, self – sufficiency in food grains as on
of the important goals of planning. The Government realized that food surplus countries used food surplus as a weapon to force several countries to submit to the details of these big powers. India experienced how difficult it was to negotiate food aid to tide over crisis. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru realized that with great difficulties. India was able to avoid the political strings attached with food aid, but it did hurt national pride, Nehru in one of his broad caste to the nation stated very candidly. “We have sought help from abroad …….. and we shall continue to do so under pressure of necessity. But the conviction is growing upon me more forcefully then ever how dangerous it is for us to depend for this prime necessities of life on foreign countries. It is only when we obtain self-sufficiency in food that we can progress and develop ourselves. Otherwise, there is the continuous pressure of circumstances, there is trouble and misery and there is sometimes shame and humiliation.”
Even in the later period when India suffered two very severe draughts in 1965 and 1966. The American president Lyndon Johnson in order to teach a lesson to India restricted food aid to monthly basis under the P.L 480 programmed. This was done to force India not to condemn American aggression in Vietnam.
The Government of India under the leadership of prime Minister India Gandhi went in for seed. Water fertilizer policy popularly known as the green revolution. This policy did help India to dispense with food grains imports as also to improve per capital availability of cereals in the country. India succeeded in raising her food grains by the year 1976 and since then , Indian imports of cereals have remained negligible. Gilbert Etienne appreciating India’s achievements on the food front states: “Despite the gloomy and perfectly ill-founded forecasts ‘ a prophecies’ about India’s future disasters , which were fashionable in the 1960’s , the country is no longer exposed to real famines”.
Ninth Five Year plan (1997-2002) emphasizing this very point states. “One of the first efforts of the country was to build up a food security system to ensure that the threat of famine no longer stalks the country……..
The fact that the country has not witnessed famine and acute starvation on a massive scale in the last five decades is the most eloquent testimony for the success of these efforts.”
Progress on food grains front reveals the following.
(a) Between 1950-51 and 2003-2004 food grains production has increased from 50-8 millions tones 212 million tones-more than fourfold increase.
(b) The various components of cereals production indicate that whereas cereals accounted for 84 per cent in food grains in 1950-51 , their share has increased to 93 per cent in 1990-2000 but has against them, the share of pulses has declined from 16.5 per cent to just 7.0 percent during the same period.
(c) Within cereals, the share of rice and wheat which was only 53 per cent in 1950-51 has improved to 77 percent in 1999-2000, but as against these two superior cereal , the share of coarse cereals has declined from 30 per cent to 17 per cent during the same period. This indicates a substitution by the weaker sections in favour of rice and wheat as against coarse cereals consumed earlier.
Net Availability of Cereals and Pulses:
Provided5-yearly annual average production of cereals and pulses. The data reveals that net imports were of the order of 2.3 million tones during 1950-51 and 1955-56 they increased to 5.1 millions tones during 1961-62 to 1965-66 and reached the peak of 6.4 million tones during 1966-67 to 1970-71 and declined there after to 3.6 million tones during 1971-72 to 1975-76. During the next 21 years, food imports have been negligible ranging between 0.5 to 1.8 production. After 1995-96, India become a net exporter of cereals.
Data about per capita availability of cereals and pulses indicates an
ever all improvement in per capita availability of food grains from about 419 grams per day to 451 gms. between 1951-2001 This indicates nearly 15 percent increase in per capita availability during the 50-years period.(1951.2001). This has two components cereals and pulses (The per capita availability of cereals increased from 354 to 385 gms. This is an increase in per capita availability of serials by 9% During the 50 year period.
But in case of pulse, the per capita availability decline from 65 gms. Per day to 29 gms. between 1951-2001. This indicates a decline of about 55% in the per capita availability of pulses.
Similarly the per capita consumption in 1950-51 to go gms. per day. In 1996-97 & 1999-2000. This indicates a decline of about 45% in the per capita availability of pulses during the 49 year period. Similarly the per capita consume of course serials’ decline from 116gm per day in 1950-51 to 90gms per day. In 1997-98 a fall of nearly 25%. The Ninths year plan emphasizing this point rightly mentions.” Reduction in per capita pulse availability may adversely affect protein in take. Course grains that are in expensive & can provide substantially higher calories for the same post. If made avail3able through PDS at subsidized rates these will be self- targeting and improve calorie in take & reduce “hunger” among the poorest segment of popn obviously while moving toward food grains security India has succeeded in terms of cereals but has measurably failed to increase the production of pulses consistent with the needs of a growing population.
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Food Security In India
1) Concept of Food Security
World Development Report (1986) define food security as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active healthy life.”
However Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1983 defined food security as “ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food they need.”
From this definition the following points emerge:
1) Food security involves physical availability of food to the entire population in a country.
2) However to make the people adequate food available to all, it is necessary that the people have enough purchasing power so that they can acquire the food they need.
3) For healthy life, the food available should be adequate in quality as well as quantity to meet nutritional requirements.
4) A national may acquire self-sufficiency in food at the point of time, but the concept of food security necessities that, timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food should be available on a long term basis. This implies that a nation has to ensure that growth rate in food supply so that it takes care of the in crease in population as also the increase in the income of the people.
From this point of view, the following stages of food security may be visualized.
Stage 1: The most basic need from the point of view of human survival is to make an adequate quality of cereals available to all.
Stage 2: In the second stage, we may think of food security as the adequate availability of cereals, pulses, milk and milk production.
Stage 3: In the third stage, food security should include cereals, pulses, milk and milk products vegetables and fruits, fish egg and meat.
2) FOOD SELF –SUFFICIENCY AND FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
In Indian planners, attain, self – sufficiency in food grains as on
of the important goals of planning. The Government realized that food surplus countries used food surplus as a weapon to force several countries to submit to the details of these big powers. India experienced how difficult it was to negotiate food aid to tide over crisis. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru realized that with great difficulties. India was able to avoid the political strings attached with food aid, but it did hurt national pride, Nehru in one of his broad caste to the nation stated very candidly. “We have sought help from abroad …….. and we shall continue to do so under pressure of necessity. But the conviction is growing upon me more forcefully then ever how dangerous it is for us to depend for this prime necessities of life on foreign countries. It is only when we obtain self-sufficiency in food that we can progress and develop ourselves. Otherwise, there is the continuous pressure of circumstances, there is trouble and misery and there is sometimes shame and humiliation.”
Even in the later period when India suffered two very severe draughts in 1965 and 1966. The American president Lyndon Johnson in order to teach a lesson to India restricted food aid to monthly basis under the P.L 480 programmed. This was done to force India not to condemn American aggression in Vietnam.
The Government of India under the leadership of prime Minister India Gandhi went in for seed. Water fertilizer policy popularly known as the green revolution. This policy did help India to dispense with food grains imports as also to improve per capital availability of cereals in the country. India succeeded in raising her food grains by the year 1976 and since then , Indian imports of cereals have remained negligible. Gilbert Etienne appreciating India’s achievements on the food front states: “Despite the gloomy and perfectly ill-founded forecasts ‘ a prophecies’ about India’s future disasters , which were fashionable in the 1960’s , the country is no longer exposed to real famines”.
Ninth Five Year plan (1997-2002) emphasizing this very point states. “One of the first efforts of the country was to build up a food security system to ensure that the threat of famine no longer stalks the country……..
The fact that the country has not witnessed famine and acute starvation on a massive scale in the last five decades is the most eloquent testimony for the success of these efforts.”
Progress on food grains front reveals the following.
(a) Between 1950-51 and 2003-2004 food grains production has increased from 50-8 millions tones 212 million tones-more than fourfold increase.
(b) The various components of cereals production indicate that whereas cereals accounted for 84 per cent in food grains in 1950-51 , their share has increased to 93 per cent in 1990-2000 but has against them, the share of pulses has declined from 16.5 per cent to just 7.0 percent during the same period.
(c) Within cereals, the share of rice and wheat which was only 53 per cent in 1950-51 has improved to 77 percent in 1999-2000, but as against these two superior cereal , the share of coarse cereals has declined from 30 per cent to 17 per cent during the same period. This indicates a substitution by the weaker sections in favour of rice and wheat as against coarse cereals consumed earlier.
Net Availability of Cereals and Pulses:
Provided5-yearly annual average production of cereals and pulses. The data reveals that net imports were of the order of 2.3 million tones during 1950-51 and 1955-56 they increased to 5.1 millions tones during 1961-62 to 1965-66 and reached the peak of 6.4 million tones during 1966-67 to 1970-71 and declined there after to 3.6 million tones during 1971-72 to 1975-76. During the next 21 years, food imports have been negligible ranging between 0.5 to 1.8 production. After 1995-96, India become a net exporter of cereals.
Data about per capita availability of cereals and pulses indicates an
ever all improvement in per capita availability of food grains from about 419 grams per day to 451 gms. between 1951-2001 This indicates nearly 15 percent increase in per capita availability during the 50-years period.(1951.2001). This has two components cereals and pulses (The per capita availability of cereals increased from 354 to 385 gms. This is an increase in per capita availability of serials by 9% During the 50 year period.
But in case of pulse, the per capita availability decline from 65 gms. Per day to 29 gms. between 1951-2001. This indicates a decline of about 55% in the per capita availability of pulses.
Similarly the per capita consumption in 1950-51 to go gms. per day. In 1996-97 & 1999-2000. This indicates a decline of about 45% in the per capita availability of pulses during the 49 year period. Similarly the per capita consume of course serials’ decline from 116gm per day in 1950-51 to 90gms per day. In 1997-98 a fall of nearly 25%. The Ninths year plan emphasizing this point rightly mentions.” Reduction in per capita pulse availability may adversely affect protein in take. Course grains that are in expensive & can provide substantially higher calories for the same post. If made avail3able through PDS at subsidized rates these will be self- targeting and improve calorie in take & reduce “hunger” among the poorest segment of popn obviously while moving toward food grains security India has succeeded in terms of cereals but has measurably failed to increase the production of pulses consistent with the needs of a growing population.
1) Concept of Food Security
World Development Report (1986) define food security as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active healthy life.”
However Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 1983 defined food security as “ensuring that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food they need.”
From this definition the following points emerge:
1) Food security involves physical availability of food to the entire population in a country.
2) However to make the people adequate food available to all, it is necessary that the people have enough purchasing power so that they can acquire the food they need.
3) For healthy life, the food available should be adequate in quality as well as quantity to meet nutritional requirements.
4) A national may acquire self-sufficiency in food at the point of time, but the concept of food security necessities that, timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate supply of food should be available on a long term basis. This implies that a nation has to ensure that growth rate in food supply so that it takes care of the in crease in population as also the increase in the income of the people.
From this point of view, the following stages of food security may be visualized.
Stage 1: The most basic need from the point of view of human survival is to make an adequate quality of cereals available to all.
Stage 2: In the second stage, we may think of food security as the adequate availability of cereals, pulses, milk and milk production.
Stage 3: In the third stage, food security should include cereals, pulses, milk and milk products vegetables and fruits, fish egg and meat.
2) FOOD SELF –SUFFICIENCY AND FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
In Indian planners, attain, self – sufficiency in food grains as on
of the important goals of planning. The Government realized that food surplus countries used food surplus as a weapon to force several countries to submit to the details of these big powers. India experienced how difficult it was to negotiate food aid to tide over crisis. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru realized that with great difficulties. India was able to avoid the political strings attached with food aid, but it did hurt national pride, Nehru in one of his broad caste to the nation stated very candidly. “We have sought help from abroad …….. and we shall continue to do so under pressure of necessity. But the conviction is growing upon me more forcefully then ever how dangerous it is for us to depend for this prime necessities of life on foreign countries. It is only when we obtain self-sufficiency in food that we can progress and develop ourselves. Otherwise, there is the continuous pressure of circumstances, there is trouble and misery and there is sometimes shame and humiliation.”
Even in the later period when India suffered two very severe draughts in 1965 and 1966. The American president Lyndon Johnson in order to teach a lesson to India restricted food aid to monthly basis under the P.L 480 programmed. This was done to force India not to condemn American aggression in Vietnam.
The Government of India under the leadership of prime Minister India Gandhi went in for seed. Water fertilizer policy popularly known as the green revolution. This policy did help India to dispense with food grains imports as also to improve per capital availability of cereals in the country. India succeeded in raising her food grains by the year 1976 and since then , Indian imports of cereals have remained negligible. Gilbert Etienne appreciating India’s achievements on the food front states: “Despite the gloomy and perfectly ill-founded forecasts ‘ a prophecies’ about India’s future disasters , which were fashionable in the 1960’s , the country is no longer exposed to real famines”.
Ninth Five Year plan (1997-2002) emphasizing this very point states. “One of the first efforts of the country was to build up a food security system to ensure that the threat of famine no longer stalks the country……..
The fact that the country has not witnessed famine and acute starvation on a massive scale in the last five decades is the most eloquent testimony for the success of these efforts.”
Progress on food grains front reveals the following.
(a) Between 1950-51 and 2003-2004 food grains production has increased from 50-8 millions tones 212 million tones-more than fourfold increase.
(b) The various components of cereals production indicate that whereas cereals accounted for 84 per cent in food grains in 1950-51 , their share has increased to 93 per cent in 1990-2000 but has against them, the share of pulses has declined from 16.5 per cent to just 7.0 percent during the same period.
(c) Within cereals, the share of rice and wheat which was only 53 per cent in 1950-51 has improved to 77 percent in 1999-2000, but as against these two superior cereal , the share of coarse cereals has declined from 30 per cent to 17 per cent during the same period. This indicates a substitution by the weaker sections in favour of rice and wheat as against coarse cereals consumed earlier.
Net Availability of Cereals and Pulses:
Provided5-yearly annual average production of cereals and pulses. The data reveals that net imports were of the order of 2.3 million tones during 1950-51 and 1955-56 they increased to 5.1 millions tones during 1961-62 to 1965-66 and reached the peak of 6.4 million tones during 1966-67 to 1970-71 and declined there after to 3.6 million tones during 1971-72 to 1975-76. During the next 21 years, food imports have been negligible ranging between 0.5 to 1.8 production. After 1995-96, India become a net exporter of cereals.
Data about per capita availability of cereals and pulses indicates an
ever all improvement in per capita availability of food grains from about 419 grams per day to 451 gms. between 1951-2001 This indicates nearly 15 percent increase in per capita availability during the 50-years period.(1951.2001). This has two components cereals and pulses (The per capita availability of cereals increased from 354 to 385 gms. This is an increase in per capita availability of serials by 9% During the 50 year period.
But in case of pulse, the per capita availability decline from 65 gms. Per day to 29 gms. between 1951-2001. This indicates a decline of about 55% in the per capita availability of pulses.
Similarly the per capita consumption in 1950-51 to go gms. per day. In 1996-97 & 1999-2000. This indicates a decline of about 45% in the per capita availability of pulses during the 49 year period. Similarly the per capita consume of course serials’ decline from 116gm per day in 1950-51 to 90gms per day. In 1997-98 a fall of nearly 25%. The Ninths year plan emphasizing this point rightly mentions.” Reduction in per capita pulse availability may adversely affect protein in take. Course grains that are in expensive & can provide substantially higher calories for the same post. If made avail3able through PDS at subsidized rates these will be self- targeting and improve calorie in take & reduce “hunger” among the poorest segment of popn obviously while moving toward food grains security India has succeeded in terms of cereals but has measurably failed to increase the production of pulses consistent with the needs of a growing population.
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